An intelligent closed-loop CES for depression treatment using brain signals and machine learning

MethodsX. 2025 Aug 19;15:103575. doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2025.103575. eCollection 2025 Dec.

ABSTRACT

This method presents a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial aimed at personalizing cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) according to individual brain signals, assessing the effect of Intelligent Closed-Loop Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (IC-CES) on Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of IC-CES in treating MDD. Design: 120 participants were randomly assigned to either the IC-CES group or the CES group. Assessment: Depression, anxiety, and sleep quality were measured at multiple time points using standard questionnaires.

PMID:40896716 | PMC:PMC12398912 | DOI:10.1016/j.mex.2025.103575