CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that pupillary light reaction-related neurodegeneration is the common pathological change in both AD and VCI. In addition, AD is characterized by alterations in retinal spectral signatures, whereas VCI is characterized by alterations in retinal hemodynamics. These findings suggest that multimodal ophthalmic imaging may have the potential to be used as a screening tool for detecting AD and VCI.

Cerebrovascular diseases themselves are the second most common cause of cognitive impairment (dementia). In addition, cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) makes a significant contribution to the clinical picture of neurodegenerative diseases. Since there are currently no pharmacological treatments for CSVD, a promising method is the activation of the endogenous mechanisms of sanogenesis. The article provides an overview of clinical studies that assess the effect of physical exercise on the...

The diagnostic and prognostic value of quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) in the the onset of postoperative delirium (POD) remains an area of inquiry. We aim to determine whether qEEG could assist in the diagnosis of early POD in cardiac surgery patients. We prospectively studied a cohort of cardiac surgery patients undergoing qEEG for evaluation of altered mental status. Delirium was assessed with the Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). The qEEG were...

BACKGROUND: Eye-movement can reflect cognition and provide information on the neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The high cost and limited accessibility of eye-movement recordings have hindered their use in clinics.