Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by reading difficulty, which has long been attributed to a phonological processing deficit. However, recent research suggests that general difficulties with learning and memory, but also in memory consolidation, may underlie disordered reading. This review article provides an overview of the relationship between learning and memory, memory consolidation during sleep, and reading and explores the emerging literature on consolidation during...

CONCLUSION: This case of relapsing anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis, occurring more than 5 years after the initial episode, is exceptionally rare. This late relapse underscores the importance of long-term follow-up for patients with this condition.

CONCLUSION: We conclude that combining monologue RDF and monologue MAR well-distinguished cluttering from stuttering. This method provides new objective diagnostic criteria, which can aid clinicians, therapists, and basic researchers.

CONCLUSIONS: Although our sample size was relatively small, the MPP group yielded more severe cognitive impairment in verbal fluency and social cognition tests compared to DPP. Patients with MPP are particularly vulnerable to cognitive impairment, making them a priority for cognitive enhancement interventions. Future studies should focus on the outcomes of cognitive and pharmacological interventions in these polarity subgroups.