It is estimated that the incidence of first episode psychotic disorder is about 33 people out of 100,000 each year. Beyond primary psychotic illness (e.g., schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder), some of these patients will develop psychotic disorder due to a complex interplay of genetics, anatomical variations, traumatic brain injury (TBI), environment, substance use, and/or other causes. A small subset of patients will develop psychotic disorder due to a structural anatomic lesion, such as...

This case report explores the interplay between childhood trauma, social phobia, psychotic symptoms, and minority stress in a 27-year-old transgender male. L presented with psychotic symptoms, including auditory verbal hallucinations and self-referential phenomena, which were accompanied by a history of childhood sexual and emotional abuse, as well as social phobia. These challenges were further compounded by experiences of stigma, rejection, and stress related to his gender identity. We explore...

Delirium is an acute change in attention and awareness that fluctuates and is accompanied by cognitive impairment. Patients with delirium may have disorders of perception such as hallucinations and delusions. The condition is triggered by acute illness or injury, and the risk is highest in sick older patients and patients in intensive care. Because delirium is associated with a poor prognosis, it is important to prevent delirium, quickly identify patients who nevertheless develop the condition,...

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a clinical condition in which patients with visual impairment experience visual hallucinations (VH) in the presence of clear consciousness. It typically occurs in elderly people and confuses clinicians with multiple differential diagnoses due to VH, which can be present in a variety of clinical conditions ranging from psychosis to neurocognitive disorders (eg, neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies). In the latter, the concomitant presence of cognitive decline...