Prenatal stress (PNS) has widespread effects on offspring, including aberrant immune development and behavioural deficits. The microbiome is a mediator of the dissemination of stress effects to the offspring through immunomodulation and metabolite production. Metabolites derived from the mother and their gut microbiota pass to the foetus and can affect immune and nervous development. Stress affects the abundance of such metabolites, including the tryptophan (Trp) pathway, which are involved in...

Chronic stress disrupts dopamine (DA) transmission, adversely affecting mood and contribution to neuropsychiatric disorders like ADHD, autism, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and drug addiction. The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) plays a key role in social cognition, bonding, attachment, and parenting behaviors. In addition, OXT can modulate the activity of the HPA axis, counteracting the effects of stress, and alleviating fear and anxiety. However, whether OXT can mitigate stress-induced DA...

Dysregulation in the stress-response system as a result of genetical mutation can provoke the manifestation of affective disorders under stress conditions. Mutations in the human DISC1 gene is one of the main risk factors of affective disorders. It was known that DISC1 regulates a large number of proteins including BMAL1, which is involved in the regulation of glucocorticoid synthesis in the adrenal glands and the sensitivity of glucocorticoid receptor target genes. Male mice with a point...

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are frequently used in cancer treatment. Despite their clinical benefits, they can also cause a wide range of immune-related adverse events (ir-AEs). The overall incidence of irAEs in cancer patients treated with immunotherapy ranges from 70-90%, while that of immune-related severe adverse events (ir-SAEs) is 10-43%. ir-SAEs pose a significant risk to patient safety as they are extremely frequent and lethal. Due to non-specific manifestations, rapid...