Mouth breathing is one of the most common oral and maxillofacial abnormalities in children. Children with mouth breathing are often accompanied by obstructive sleep apnea, which not only affects children's dentofacial development, leading to the occurrence of malocclusion, but also may lead to a series of serious systemic complications. The diagnosis and treatment of mouth breathing and its related malocclusions require multidisciplinary collaboration. This paper discusses the etiology and harm...

CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that APOE is a risk factor for IR; moreover, IR acts as a mediator between OSA and APOE in men. APOE, IR, and OSA showed non-linear and multistage relationships. Taken together, these observations revealed the complex relationships of metabolic disorders in patients with OSA, which could lead to the development of new treatment modalities and a deeper understanding of the systemic impact of OSA.

CONCLUSION: This network meta-analysis might encourage the most experienced clinicians and researchers in the field to collaborate and implement treatments for improving CPAP/PAP treatment adherence. Moreover, these results support the importance of multidisciplinary approaches for OSA treatment, which should be framed within a biopsychological model.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) disproportionately affects children with low socioeconomic status (SES). The multilevel risk factors that drive these associations are not well understood.