The longitudinal bidirectional association between cardiovascular disease and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly adults: evidence from a nationwide cohort study in China

Front Psychiatry. 2025 Jul 2;16:1559092. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1559092. eCollection 2025. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depressive symptoms frequently co-occur, their temporal directional relationship remains poorly understood. This...