Since the 1990s, Vietnam has begun prioritising preventing and combating drug-related crimes (supply reduction) and rehabilitating drug users (demand reduction). In the 2000s, harm reduction approaches in relation to drug control began to be recognised as one of Vietnam's opiate substitution therapy methods before embarking on greater drug policy reform in the early 2010s. In implementing the ideology of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the anti-narcotic police forces often apply a zero-tolerance...

CONCLUSIONS: We identified key facilitators and barriers to successful PrEP implementation among KPs in Iran. By addressing these barriers, Iran has an opportunity to include PrEP programs in its HIV prevention efforts for KPs.

CONCLUSIONS: Results establish that different access points can reach different at-risk population subsets and support the use of multiple access points and advertising strategies to expand the reach of online mail order harm reduction programs.

CONCLUSION: The overall progress towards WHO HCV elimination goals across Europe remains insufficient, most probably also due to the influence of Covid-19 pandemic. Further improvements are needed, also by including CSOs for PWID in continuum-of-care services, and in monitoring progress.