Tick bites have been shown to transmit a novel form of severe food allergy, the galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) syndrome (AGS). Cellular responses to α-Gal in AGS patients have to date not been thoroughly scrutinized. Therefore, we investigated T and B cell proliferation, activation and cytokine profiles in response to tick protein extract (TE) and α-Gal-free TE in AGS patients and healthy controls. T and B cells from both patients and controls proliferated in response to TE, but significantly...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In the absence of a prophylactic/therapeutic vaccine or cure, the most amazing achievement in the battle against HIV was the discovery of effective, well-tolerated combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The primary research question remains whether PLWH on prolonged successful therapy has accelerated, premature, or accentuated biological aging. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the immunometabolic profile in PLWH, potentially associated with...

The growing amount of evidence suggests the existence of a bidirectional relation between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as these two conditions are worsening each other, causing a significant healthcare and socioeconomic burden. The alterations in innate and adaptive cellular immunity, adipose tissue, alveolar, and endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulation, propensity to an increased viral load, and chronic diabetic complications are all associated with...

INTRODUCTION: Hematological Malignancies (HMs) are a group of progressive, difficult-to-treat, and highly recurrent diseases. A suppressed phenotype of the immune system is present in HMs and growing evidence indicates the role of Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) in the course of HMs.