Sedatives
A sedative or tranquilliser is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. They are CNS depressants and interact with brain activity causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Cluster Number:
Wiki Number: PW199
Diagnosis: Sedative (Tranquilizer)
US Patients: Works by reducing irritability or excitement. It is a Central Nervous System depressant causing brain activities’ deceleration.
World Patients: Most affect the GABA “neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, relaxes by increasing GaBA activity. At higher doses it slurs one’s
Sex Ratio: speech, makes walking staggering, forces poor judgment and slows reflexes. Benzodiazapines can be used as an hypnotic for sleep.
Age Onset: When overused or comined an overdose can cause unconsciousness or death.
Brain Area: (1)an anxiolytic affects anxiety; (2)tranquilizer can refer to anxiolytic or antipsychotic; (3)soporific/sleeping pill mean hypnotics.
Symptoms: The article lists the types of sedatives: barbiturates, benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, orexin antagonists,
Progression: first generation antihistamines, general anesthetics, herbal sedatives, methaqualone and analogues, skeletal muscle relaxants,
Causes: opioids, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and other. 124 individual sedatives are listed to prepare for surgery or other procedures.
Medications: In 2011, about half of US hospital admissions were from overuse of sedatives. Use can worsen psychiatric conditions like dementia,
Therapies: can cause amnesia. Some are dropped in bar-drinks before robberies and for date-rape.
Youtube Video: Pharmacology: Sedatives, Hypnotics & Anxiolytics
I was not able to find a book on sedatives on Amazon. Jim Lohr, Compiler
4 CURRENT ARTICLES
FROM PUBMED
The world-wide medical research
reports chosen for each diagnosisÂ
Clicking each title opens the
PubMed article’s summary-abstract.
- Efficacy and safety of ciprofol for agitation and delirium in the ICU: A multicenter, single-blind, 3-arm parallel randomized controlled trial study protocolby Guo Liang Liu on January 26, 2023
BACKGROUND: Agitation is very common in the intensive care unit (ICU). The causes include pain, delirium, underlying disease, withdrawal syndrome, and some drug treatments. The practical goal of ICU treatment is to find an appropriate sedation regimen to reduce pain, restlessness, and delirium. Previous trials have examined the use of dexmedetomidine, but no trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety of ciprofol, a new sedative drug.
- Prevalence and effects of sleep-disordered breathing on middle-aged patients with sedative-free generalized anxiety disorder: A prospective case-control studyby Tien-Yu Chen on January 26, 2023
CONCLUSION: Average age 55 years and mean BMI 23 kg/m² patients with GAD and matched controls had an undiagnosed SDB prevalence of approximately 50%. SDB correlated with worsening anxiety severity and reduced cardiac autonomic function. Moreover, age and BMI were considered major risk factors for predicting undiagnosed SDB.
- Use of psychotropic medications in adults with intellectual disability: A systematic review and meta-analysisby Menghuan Song on January 26, 2023
CONCLUSION: Two-fifths of adults with intellectual disability were prescribed psychotropic medications. Antipsychotics and antidepressants were used by one-third and one-seventh of adults, respectively. There was considerable variability between studies, and further investigation is required to determine the source of variability. More studies are needed to better characterise prescribed psychotropic medications, including effectiveness and adverse effects, to ensure appropriate use of these...
- Subjective response to alcohol in young adults with bipolar disorder and recent alcohol use: a within-subject randomized placebo-controlled alcohol administration studyby Elizabeth T C Lippard on January 25, 2023
Limited data exists on mechanisms contributing to elevated risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in bipolar disorder. Variation in subjective response to alcohol may relate to alcohol use and risk for AUD. This study used a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over, within-subjects design to investigate differences in subjective response to alcohol in 50 euthymic young adults (n = 24 with and n = 26 without bipolar disorder type I). Eighty-three percent of participants with bipolar disorder were...