Introduction: The burden of personality disorders (PDs) in China is large and the focus on mental health services is increasing. However, there is a lack of sufficient evidence regarding the prevalence of comorbid PD in psychotic and non-psychotic disorders, and whether PDs have different distributions. We aimed to investigate the PD comorbidity distribution pattern between psychotic and non-psychotic disorders using a clinical population-based study. Materials and Methods: We conducted a...

Temperament classification dates back as far as ancient Greece when Hippocrates proposed his humoral theory regarding the classifications of behavior. The postulated temperaments, consisting of sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic, remained in use as recently as the 20th century. Emil Kraepelin classified manic-depressive patients as depressive, hypomanic, or irritable, which in turn correlated with melancholic, sanguine, or choleric dispositions, respectively. These, in turn, evolved...

In the 5th century B.C., Hippocrates first propounded his theory of humorism to describe the different temperaments. This idea postulated that human behavior could be categorized into four distinct temperaments, black bile, sanguine (blood), yellow bile, and phlegm, which in turn correlated with the four elements earth, air, fire, and water, respectively. Hippocrates further elaborated on his theory by describing black bile as melancholic, sanguine as optimistic, yellow bile as irritable and...

In the 5th century B.C., Hippocrates offered his hypothesis regarding the origin of behavior with his humoral theory, postulating temperament was derived from the heterogeneous balance of the four distinct humors in the body. The four humors consisted of black bile - melancholic, yellow bile - irritable, phlegm - apathetic, and blood - sanguine. The humors and their subsequent temperaments supposedly embodied the elements of earth, fire, water, and air, respectively. References to this nascent...