Major Depressive Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.

Possible causes include a combination of biological, psychological, and social sources of distress. Increasingly, research suggests these factors may cause changes in brain function, including altered activity of certain neural circuits in the brain.

The persistent feeling of sadness or loss of interest that characterizes major depression can lead to a range of behavioral and physical symptoms. These may include changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, concentration, daily behavior, or self-esteem. Depression can also be associated with thoughts of suicide.

The mainstay of treatment is usually medication, talk therapy, or a combination of the two. Increasingly, research suggests these treatments may normalize brain changes associated with depression.

Cluster Number:
Wiki Number: PW115
Diagnosis: Major Depressive Disorder
US Patients:
World Patients: 163 Mil; 2% of world population
Sex Ratio: M;W2
Age Onset: 20s-30s; The average duration is 23 weeks, with three more during lifetime. ½ of patients will not have another episode.
Brain Area: 102 variations in the genome linked to depression; There is an extensive description of possible brain affects on depression.
Symptoms: Has at least two weeks of depressive mood; inability to enjoy pleasure; rumination; reduced sex drive, insomnia and hypersomnia
Progression: weight and appetite may be low; fatigue, social withdrawal, suicidal thoughts; delusions or sometimes hallucinations
Causes: 40%-hereditary; response to stressors, childhood abuse. The article claims general physicians miss 2/3 of depression diagnoses.
Medications: Antidepressants-for the deeply depressed; electroconvulsive therapy
Therapies: Counseling; transcranial magnetic stimulation, light therapy, exercise, light therapy,

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Section 12.04.

4 CURRENT ARTICLES
FROM PUBMED

The world-wide medical research
reports chosen for each diagnosis

Clicking each title opens the
PubMed article’s summary-abstract.

Catatonia-asossicated urinary retention in geriatric patients: a case series report
by Monica Parmar on December 20, 2024
CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, there are no case reports that describe the concurrent resolution of catatonia, depressive symptoms and urinary retention simultaneously using validated scales throughout the ECT treatment course. Furthermore, there are no prior reports describing catatonia-related urinary retention specifically among a group of geriatric populations. Identifying and treating catatonia in a timely manner can reduce the complications associated with prolonged catheter use. There...
Personality and neuropsychiatric symptoms in individuals diagnosed with long COVID
by Asia Avinir on December 20, 2024
CONCLUSION: The study underscores the significance of incorporating psychological interventions into treatment plans to alleviate distress symptoms associated with cognitive decline in conditions like Long COVID.
Gestational diabetes mellitus and peripartum depression: a longitudinal study of a bidirectional relationship
by Maja Žutić on December 20, 2024
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of a bidirectional relationship between GDM and PPD only in women with normal body weight before pregnancy. The results highlight the complexity of the relationship between peripartum mental and metabolic health, that is dependent on pre-pregnancy BMI. Clinicians should be aware that normal-weight women may have a unique sensitivity to the bidirectional interplay between GDM and PPD. Pregnant women should be closely monitored for both mental and...
Cognitive Remediation in Patients With Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Trial by Sequential tDCS and Navigated rTMS Targeting the Primary Visual Cortex
by Hetong Zhou on December 20, 2024
CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide preliminary evidence that the combination of navigated rTMS with tDCS targeting V1 region may serve as a potential treatment strategy for improving cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms in BD patients.