ABSTRACT: Apathy is a quantitative reduction of goal-directed activity, which can be observed in relation to behavior, cognition, emotions and social interaction. It is an invalidating behavioral symptom that is frequently present across different psychiatric conditions and neurocognitive disorders including Korsakoff's Syndrome (KS). In fact, apathy is one of the most severe behavioral symptoms of KS and has a major impact on the lives of patients and their relatives and other informal...

CONCLUSIONS: This study aimed to investigate the ability to judge social norms in KS and ARD in comparison to healthy subjects. The results show that compared to a control group, both KS and ARD patients performed worse in judging social norms. KS and ARD patients scored equally low on social norms identification. Overall, these findings can further help us understand the difficulties in social behavior as experienced by patients and care staff, since problems in accurately judging social norms...

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol is the most consumed substance in Western culture and its use is a causal factor in more than 200 diseases and disorders. Our objective was to determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive impairment in people aged ≥60, and identify which cognitive functions are most affected by prolonged alcohol consumption.

Alcohol use, while commonly associated with liver damage, also has significant neurologic implications, which often mimic hepatic encephalopathy and complicate diagnosis and management. Alcohol mediates its acute central nervous system effects by altering neurotransmitter balance, notably between gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate. Its chronic neurotoxicity, compounded by thiamine deficiency, results in chronic neurologic complications. Clinically, alcohol-related neurologic disorders present...