Neurological disorders have become the leading cause of disease and disability worldwide, with 80% of these conditions being recorded in low- and middle-income countries. Scientific evidence has increasingly associated these disorders with exposure to xenobiotics, such as pesticides, heavy metals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Recent studies have focused on the consequences of exposure to chemical mixtures and their potential neurotoxic effects. As reported, such exposures can...

Despite being classified as neurodevelopmental disorders, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in the association between autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and gut pathology. This comprehensive and systematic review explores a potential mechanism underlying gut pathology in ASDs, including alterations in gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, immune dysregulation, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Specifically, it delves into the role of toxic and essential metals and their...

CONCLUSION: Parent- and child-focused psychosocial interventions such as parent management training, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination can be helpful for the reduction of irritability and aggression. Well-powered randomized controlled trials with outcome measures that reflect current conceptualization of maladaptive aggression and irritability are needed to extend this evidence base to older adolescents and to examine the role of co-occurring psychopathology in treatment...

CONCLUSIONS: Hypothalamus-sparing treatment strategies and further research on novel therapeutic agents for hypothalamic syndrome are warranted.