Orofacial pain symptoms as potential risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: A cohort study

Cranio. 2025 Nov 8:1-10. doi: 10.1080/08869634.2025.2585231. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the longitudinal impact of orofacial pain symptoms on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk.

METHODS: Data from 692,980 Korean individuals were analyzed and categorized by the presence or absence of orofacial pain symptoms. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of orofacial pain for the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).

RESULTS: A total of 47,824 (7.41%) participants reported orofacial pain symptoms, which were associated with increased MACE risks. However, some cases may have referred to cardiac pain rather than primary orofacial pain.

CONCLUSIONS: Orofacial pain may independently increase the long-term risk of CVD.

PMID:41204824 | DOI:10.1080/08869634.2025.2585231