Emergency colon cancer diagnosis in people with mental health conditions: a population-based cohort study in northern Italy

BMJ Ment Health. 2025 Jul 1;28(1):e301733. doi: 10.1136/bmjment-2025-301733.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Individuals with mental health conditions may experience disparity in cancer diagnosis and health outcomes. This study aims to examine diagnostic pathways and mortality in patients with colon cancer with pre-existing mental health conditions.

METHODS: A population-based cohort study on colon cancer cases diagnosed in 2014-2020 in the provinces of Milan and Lodi, using linked cancer registration and health data. We examined cancer diagnostic pathways (screening, emergency presentation (EP), inpatient/outpatient visits) and short-term mortality in patients with and without pre-existing mental health conditions, accounting for physical comorbidities and sociodemographic factors. Mental health conditions were systematically categorised into distinct groups according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision.

RESULTS: Out of 11 429 patients with colon cancer, 16.2% had a pre-existing mental health condition. Individuals with mental health conditions versus those without had a higher risk of cancer diagnosis following EP: 43.8% versus 33.8%, adjusted OR (aOR) 1.32, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.47. EP risk was higher for patients with diagnoses of dementia and related cognitive conditions (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.03), substance use/behavioural syndromes/personality-related conditions (aOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.75) and anxiety (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.79). The likelihood of screening-detected cancer was lower (4.6% vs 9.1%; aOR 0.78, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.99), especially for dementia and related cognitive conditions (aOR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.86). Short-term mortality was higher in patients with cancer with mental health conditions than in those without.

CONCLUSION: Mental health conditions were associated with a lower likelihood of screening and a higher risk of emergency cancer diagnosis. Tailored strategies are warranted to enhance cancer diagnosis for the non-negligible group of individuals with mental health conditions.

PMID:40592734 | DOI:10.1136/bmjment-2025-301733