CONCLUSION: Our study highlighted the most common physical diseases and mental disorders in tic disorders, namely the respiratory diseases, specifically upper respiratory tract infections, and mental and behavioral disorders, with ADHD being the most common co-occurring condition.

CONCLUSION: The mid-term efficacy evaluation demonstrated that L. reuteri, when added to the treatment of children with chronic TDs, was more effective in improving tic symptoms than clonidine transdermal patch treatment. Additionally, it provided moderate improvement in hyperactivity symptoms.

Tic disorders represent a developmental neuropsychiatric condition whose causes can be attributed to a variety of environmental, neurobiological, and genetic factors. From a neurophysiological perspective, the disorder has classically been associated with neurochemical imbalances (particularly dopamine and serotonin) and structural and functional alterations affecting, in particular, brain areas and circuits involved in the processing and coordination of movements: the basal ganglia, thalamus,...

CONCLUSION: The available comparative evidence varied greatly across indications, with the best-documented evidence being for imaging of epilepsy. Risk of bias overall was high, with limitations in blinding information, study design reporting, and patient recruitment details. The identified evidence gaps underscore the need for comparative research to determine appropriate indications and to understand whether the potential diagnostic advantage of 7-T MRI translates to a tangible clinical...